upamaa alankaara - part XXVI (Dandin's list of words describing simily)

This is a special quotation from दण्डी which gives a very long list of all the usages in Sanskrit which may be used to denote equality

इववद्वायथाशब्दास्समाननिभसन्निभा:|
तुल्यसंकाशनीकाशप्रकाशप्रतिरुपका:||
प्रतिपक्षप्रतिद्वन्द्विप्रत्यनीकविरोधिन:|
सदृक्सदृशसंवादिसजातीयानुवादिन:||
प्रतिबिम्बप्रतिच्छन्दसरुपसमसम्मिता:|
सलक्षणसदृक्षाभसपक्षोपमितोपमा:||
कल्पदेशीयदेश्यादि प्रख्यप्रतिनिधी अपि|
सवर्णतुलितौ शब्दौ ये वा(चा)Sन्यूनार्थवाचका:||
समासश्च बहुव्रीहिश्शशाङ्कवदनादिषु|
स्पर्धते जयति द्वेष्टि द्रुह्यति प्रतिगर्जति||
आक्रोशत्यवजानाति कदर्थयति निन्दति|
विडम्बयति संरुन्धे हसतीर्ष्यत्यसूयति||
तस्य पु(मु)ष्णाति सौभाग्यं तस्य कान्तिं विलुम्पति|
तेन सार्धं विगृह्णाति तुलां तेनाधिरोहति||
तत्पदव्यां पदं धत्ते तस्य कक्षां विगाहते|
बन्धुश्चोरस्सुहृद्वादिसतीर्थ्यसहचारिण:|
तमन्वेत्यनुबध्नाति तच्छीलं तन्निषेधति||
तस्य वा नुकरोतीति शब्दास्साधर्म्यबोधका:|
उपमायामिमे प्रोक्ता: कवीनां बुद्धिसौख्यदा:||

The following are the list of words used in the upamaa alankaara to suggest equality of simily:
1. इव
2. वत्
3.वा
4.यथा
5.समान
6.निभ
7. सन्निभ
8. तुल्य
9.संकाश
10.नीकाश
11.प्रकाश
12.प्रतिरुपक
13.प्रतिपक्ष
14.प्रतिद्वन्द्विन्
15.प्रत्यनीक
16.विरोधिन्
17.सदृक्
18.सदृश
19.संवादिन्
20.सजातीय
21.अनुवादिन्
22.प्रतिबिम्ब
23.प्रतिच्छन्द
24.सरुप
25.सम
26.सम्मित
27.सलक्षण
28.सदृक्ष
29.आभ
30.सपक्ष
31.उपमित
32.उपम
33.कल्प
34.देशीय
35.देश्य
36.प्रख्य
37.प्रतिनिधि
38.सवर्ण
39.तुलित
40.अन्यूनार्थवाचक
41.समास बहुवीहि शशाङ्कवदनादि
42.स्पर्धते
43.जयति
44.द्वेष्टि
45.द्रुह्यति
46.प्रतिगर्जति
47.आक्रोशति
48.अवजानाति
49.कदर्थयति
50.निन्दति
51.विडम्बयति
52.संरुन्धे
53.हसति
54.इर्ष्यति
55.असूयति
56.तस्य सौभाग्यं मुष्णाति
57.तस्य कान्तिं विलुम्पति
58.तेन सार्धं विगृह्णाति.
59.तुलां तेन अधिरोहति
60.तत्पदव्यां पदं धत्ते
61.तस्य कक्षां विगाहते
62.बन्धु
63.चोर
64.सुहृत्
65.वादिन्
66.सतीर्थ्य
67.सहचारिन्
68.तम् अन्वेति
69.तम् अनुबध्नाति
70.तत् शीलम्
71.तम् निषेधति and
72.तस्य अनुकरोति.

upamaa alankaara part VI (उपमेयवाचकलुप्ता)(लुप्तोपमा with elision of उपमेय and वाचक)

मुनिमनसामपि दूरे स्वकृतविहारे'लमुपनिषत्सारे|
परमपदीयति विभवै: परमे न रमेत फणिगिरौ को वा||

frankly speaking i don't get the meaning of this shloka properly. It goes in very much grammatical detail that is beyond my comprehension.

I would cite the explanation as it is written in the text. Maybe some Pundit may clarify whatever is written.

उपनिषत्सारत्वेनाध्यवसिते श्रीनिवासे स्वकृतविहारे सति -
मायावी परमानन्दं त्यक्त्वा वैकुण्ठमुत्तमम्|
स्वामिपुष्करिणीतीरे रमया सह मोदते ||
इत्युक्तप्रकारेण स्वस्मिन्विरहमाणे सतीत्यर्थ:| परमपदीयतीत्यत्र वाचकोपमेयलोप: आत्मानमित्युपमेयस्योपमावाचकेन सहानुपादानात्| नच -- 'उपमानादाचारे' इत्युपमानादाचारार्थे क्यचो विधानत्परमपदमिवाचरतीत्यर्थावगमेsप्यात्मानामित्यस्य कथं निर्णय: अन्यस्यापि तत्सम्भवादिति वाच्यम्| परमपदानुरूपाचरणस्य विभवकरणकत्वरूपविशेषणसामर्थ्येन स्वकीयत्वावगते:| अयं च लोप ऐच्छिक:, स्वात्मानं परमपदीयतीत्युपमेयोपादानस्यापि सम्भवात्||

This is the jargon used to explain this thing.
But for me it is enough to know that there exists something known as उपमेयवाचकलुप्ता as anyhow i am not going to be able to find out that such an alankaara is there in the sentence.:)

sanskrit alankara - upama alankara (उपमा and पूर्णोपमा) (simily and complete simily)

today i am trying to start a new string of blogs for those who are interested in Sanskrit literature and all other Indo-aryan languages. I started reading a very old book on the online Digital Library of India. It is known as "Alankaramanihaara". I thought I should bring this knowledge in Digital domain and that too in English language for those whosoever is interested in this language. I may be too simplistic in my approach towards the language and may offend some of the Pandits, but my aim is to sensitize people towards this gem of language and not to make them fumble in the grammar.....

"Alankaara" in Sanskrit means literally "that which adorns - ornaments". Thus they are the ornaments of the poetry. They are rough equivalents of English figure of speeches like metaphor, pun etc, but they are far more developed and more widely used. There maybe not even a single sentence in Sanskrit works which doesn't have an Alankaara. Whereas it is a luxury in English poetry.

I am starting the thread with the most ubiqitous of the Alankaras in Sanskrit literature - "Upamaa" (उपमा).
The characteristic of the Upama alankaara is as follows:
उद्भूता भाति साम्यश्रीरुभयोर्यत्र सोपमा|
(When the beauty of equality between the thing equated and the thing equated to pleases the hearts of connoisseurs, it is known as "Upamaa", उपमा)
this is the definition of Kuvalayaananda.

Let's discuss the conditions mentioned in the definition.
the "Pleases the hearts of connoisseurs" clause has been inserted to prevent the term from encompassing somethings such as सागरस्सागरोपम:(the sea is like sea) from falling in the category of upamaa. it is not enticing to compate sea with sea and it doesnt evoke any pleasurable feeling.

let's see another definition
वाक्यस्यार्थोपस्कारकं यत्सादृश्यं चारु सोपमा|
the beautiful similarity which is enhancing the meaning of hte sentence is know as Upamaa.
This is the definition given by Pandit Jagannatha in his work "Rasagangaadhara".

let us not get into the differences between these two heavyweights. They were at loggerheads. all we need to know is that upamaa is equivalent to english "simily".

Now let us go forward from the definition. there are two kinds of upamaa basically, known as पूर्णोपमा (complete upamaa) and लुप्तोपमा (elided upamaa).


पूर्णा लुप्तेत्यलङ्कारज्ञैस्सा द्विधोदिता|
उपमानं चोपमेयं धर्मो वाचकमित्यद:|
चतुष्टयमुपात्तं चेत्सा हि पूर्णोपमा मता||
(the specialists of alankaara science say that there are two types of upamaa -पूर्णोपमा (complete upamaa) and लुप्तोपमा (elided upamaa). If the upamaa has all of the following four elements, it is a पूर्णोपमा otherwise it is a लुप्तोपमा - उपमेय, उपमान, धर्म, वाचक)

let us understand these four ingredients which are necessary for a पूर्णोपमा -
1. उपमेय - it is the thing which is to be compared
2. उपमान - it is the thing to which the उपमेय is compared
3. धर्म - it is the characteristic which is common in both the abovementioned things
4. वाचक - it is the grammatical word which denotes equality