SOCIOECONOMIC SURVEY
(NANI SARSAN VILLAGE)
Dr. Dhavalkumar K. Patel
Name of the village: Nani Sarsan
Name of the Block: Santrampur
Name of the district: Panchmahals
State: Gujarat
CHAPTER 1
SECTION 1
• Description of the District and important special characteristics:
Panchmahals is the district on the northeastern side of Gujarat. It is highly tribal populated district. 4/11 blocks are totally tribal. It is also one of the most backward districts of Gujarat. 7 out of 11 talukas (block) of this district are among the list of top 30 backward blocks of the state. It is also communally very sensitive also. Godhra is the headquarter of the district, where the heinous carnage of 2002 occured.
The population distribution of the Godhra is very precarious - 40% Hindu, 40% Muslims and 20% Sindhis, and none of the community has faith in another. This makes it very communally sensitive
• Description of the village (Nani Sarsan):
Santrampur is the block of which the study village is a part. This block is Scheduled area as well as one of the backward blocks. The study village (Nani Sarsan) is situated west of the Block headquarter of Santrampur. The history of the village is very interesting. The priest of the temple in the village held whole of the land of this village at the time of Santrampur princely state. This land tenure is known in Gujarat as "DEVASTHAN INAMI TENURE". Under this tenure, the kings used to give priests or administrators of a temple whole right to collect land revenue from the tenants and didn't take any revenue from the priest or administrator (c.f. Jagirdari - kings used to take the revenue from Jagirdars). The land revenue accrued to the priest was for his maintenance and the maintenance of the temple expenditure. Around 1960s the "Gujarat Devasthan Inami Tenure Abolition Act" was implemented and the land was given to the tiller.
• Location, Communication, the Panchayat:
The village is situated on the main road connection Lunavada (subdivisional headquarter) and Santrampur (block headquarter). The village is well connected with rest of the district through Major District Road which passes through the village. The major mode of transport for the people is by the buses and private jeeps.
It is a part of the group Gram Panchayat - Nani Sarsan. Nani Sarsan Gram Panchayat has 5 other revenue villages besides this village as its components.
o Distance form District headquarters : 70 kilometers
o Distance from Block headquarters : 13
o Different hamlet clusters: the village comprises of 5 hamlets. The details are provided in the table below
Serial no. Name of Hamlet Nuber of household % of household in each hamlet Number of households sampled main castes of this hamlet
1 Prajapati Falia 48 28.4 11 Prajapati(OBC) - potters
2 Patel Falia 45 26.62 11 Patel (General)
3 Vankar Falia 25 14.79 6 Vankar (SC) - traditionally weavers
4 Pagi Falia 19 11.24 4 Bhil (ST)
5 Dudheli Falia 32 18.19 8 Bhil (ST)
169 40
SECTION II
• Demography:
According to 2001 census the following are the demographic data of the village
Total Population - 702
Sexwise distribution of population
Male - 365
Female - 337
Castewise distribution of population
Scheduled castes - 80
Scheduled tribes - 248
Others - 374 (No bifurcation in census figures as to OBC and General as asked for in form)
• Population growth rate:
Census data for 1981 and 1991 not available. therefore not able to comment on the same.
• Infrastructure:
Infrastructure facility distance (in k.m.)
Bus stop 0
Railway station 70
nearest town 13
nearest market 13
Nearest branch of a bank 1
post office 1
PHC 0
nearest grain storing facility 13
Basic Amenities (Availability)
Electrification y
all weather approach roadq y
primary school y
middle school y
high school y
primary health center y
veterinary dispensary y
PDS shop y
Hatt no
Adult literacy centre no
Community latrone no
community based safe drinking water sources y
public telephone service y
ICDS centre Y
Panchayat Bhavan Y
Street light Y
Bank no
Post office no
PACS no
Milk producers' cooperative society Y
• Consequence of the lack of infrastructure facility:
Lack of market is a constraint for the rural artisans - potters, tailors etc. because they are not able to sell their products at competitive prices. Till now also they are paid in kinds and not in cash. The availability of bank in close vicinity (1 km) affects the credit source favorably. In almost all the families I visited, the borrowing was from banks only.
Chapter II
Section I
• Educational status:
1. Literacy rate:
a. male - 79.80
b. Female - 76.20
c. Castewise distribution data not available
2. Infrastructural facilities:
a. One primary school and one higher secondary school available in the village
b. Sanitation for boys and girls separately in both the schools
c. The kitchenshed for midday meal is in working condition
3. Teacher student ratio:
a. In primary school - 8 teachers / 241 students i.e. 1 teacher for 30 students
b. In the higher secondary school - 21 teachers / 616 students i.e. one teacher for 29.33 students
4. Discrimination in terms of sex of the child.
a. There is a stark difference when it comes to the secondary and higher secondary level which will be evident from the following figures
Sex
Primary school Higher secondary school
Number of students % of total Number of students % of total
Male 130 54% 400 65
Female 111 46% 216 35
Thus there is sharp fall from 46% in primary to 35% in the seconday school in female. It is not enough to enroll and complete the primary education. If the females are to be empowered, they should be encouraged to study at least till graduation. But the reality is starkly different.
b. There is also male dominance in the higher secondary school teachers, which maybe due to the fact that females are not given enough backing to get upto M.A., B.Ed or like. It is evident from the following table
Sex of the teachers
Primary school Higher secondary school
Number of techers % of total Number of teachers % of total
Male 4 50% 17 81%
Female 4 50% 4 19%
5. dropout:
a. the dropout rates of primary school
Sex SC ST OBC General Total
Male 0 .50 .20 0 .70
Female 0 .80 .30 0 1.10
b. dropout rates of the higher secondary school
Sex SC ST OBC General Total
Male 0 .52 0 .04 .56
Female 0 .09 0 0 .09
c. thus there is negligible dropout in the SC and General castes whereas it is the highest in STs.
d. The dropout in the higher secondary shows that the male dropouts are greater than female dropouts. This may be due to the fact that those who send their girls to higher secondary are usually highly motivated.
6. enrolment ratio:
a. enrolment ratio of both the schools of all the castes is 100%
7. reasons for dropouts:
a. severe physically handicapped
b. partial migration
c. the child being orphan
d. the ignorance of the parents
e. long absence of the family from village
8. literacy campaigning
a. no adult literacy centres in the village.
b. Therefore no adult literacy campaign is on
c. Under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, 100% student enrolment is done, but the real problem here is the dropout.
Section II
HEALTH AND SANITATION
• Status of PHC:
There is a PHC in the village. The population covered by the PHC is around 20000, which is well above the norm of 30000 population. The PHC is well maintained. The only problem as far as infrastructure part of PHC is concerned is that the bore-well was out of order. But new bore well is sanctioned in the Tribal Subplan of this year. Therefore it will be taken care of. According to the Doctor at the PHC, the status of PHC are nowadays very much better as compared to previous times because of the 'untied funds' available under NRHM for maintenance and infrastructure facility. The PHC has facilities for sputum microscopy, malaria parasite studies, vaccine storage, OPD, Indoor ward, labour room, incubator for newborn. The staff at the PHC is enough.
• Private health services:
There is a B.A.M.S private practitioner in the village. The villagers take his services also. There are no quacks in the village because of the availability of the PHC and private practitioner in the village.
• Disease pattern:
o The diseases more prevalent in the village are cough, cold and viral fever. Tuberculosis, leprosy, gastroenteritis, malaria which were more prevalent are nowadays on the wane. The availability of treatment for these diseases in close vicinity has also helped in reducing their prevelance.
• Maternity care, Child care:
o Institutional delivery
The prevelance of home delivery is decreasing. Because of the availability of the 108 emergency services and free delivery in private hospitals under "Chiranjivee Yojna" of the State Government, the institutional delivery is on the increase. The mothers which could not avail of the services of private doctors are nowadays covered under this scheme.
o Antenatal visits
The ASHA workers and Anganwadi workers have helped in ensuring minimum 3 antenatal visits. Anganwadi workers are paid incentive if they complete 3 antenatal visits of the mother.
o Tetanus immunization:
The awareness about the necessity of two antenatal tetanus vaccines is increasing among the village women because of the increase in the institutional deliveries.
o Child vaccination
All the households I visited had the children above 9 months of age fully immunized. Some mothers even knew for which disease which vaccine is given and when, which is a very welcome sign. It shows that it is not an imposed thing. People really are taking interest in the vaccination program.
• Maternal Mortality
o During the year of 2009-10, one case of maternal mortality was reported in the PHC (not of the study village). It is not safe to calculate the maternal mortality rate on such a small sample.
o The cause of death in the case referred to above was excessive haemorrhage after caesarean section.
o MMR - 0
• Infant Mortality rate - 0
• Death rate - 5.22
• Birth rate - 27.38
• Family planning:
o The majority of the village is still not following any method of family planning. This is very evident from the family sizes mentioned in the household schedule. The aversion to the family planning methods is more prevalent in the ST and SC population as compared to others, this may be due to socioeconomic fabric.
CHAPTER III
SECTION I
Land and Agriculture
o The majority of the land in the village is agricultural land. Only one survey number is of non agricultural use.
o The topography of the village is plain, with one small hillock, which is government wasteland.
o The major agricultural produce of the village are paddy, wheat, maize, toor and ginger.
o According to the 2001 census, the total irrigated area of the village is 115 hectares and nonirrigated area of the village is 131 hectares.
Types of land, Land utilization
Types of land Area in acres
Land for cultivation 573.63
Land under forest cover 0
Fallow land 15.76
Pasture and grazing 14.97
Wasteland 15.76
Land for homestead 9.51
Net sown area 573.63
Community land 4.57
Pond 31.57
Total land of the village 715.37
Caste and classwise land distribution
Area (in hectare)
SC 21.30
ST 20.49
OBC 13.81
Others 181.93
Land under cultivation and net sown area:
o There being scarcity of agricultural land and small holdings per household, there are no fallow land i.e. the area under cultivation and net sown area are almost similar namely 573.63 acres.
Falow land:
o Only occasionally does the landholders keep the land fallow. So no specific cause attributable. One such villager told me that last year he had kept 2 acres of land idle to keep it for grazing for his own cattle. The unirrigated land lie fallow during winter and summer. And majority of irrigated land is giving only two crops due to very low level of ground water resulting in drying up of wells and borewells.
Cropping pattern, Agricultural productivity:
o The land is very fertile, but the non availability of water reduces its potential.
o Usual cropping pattern is rice in monsoon and wheat / maize in the winter. Hardly does one get third crop.
o The maize is interspersed with toor (2 rows of maize and 1 row of toor alternation)
o The landholders who have more land also go for cash crops like castor/ ginger or fruit orchard. One respondent had also sown castor for seed production (not for consumption). They usually enter into a contract with the manufacturer of the hybrid seed. The manufacturer provides all necessary inputs and the return for the agriculturist is also insured in case there is some disease and the crop doesn't grow well.
Agricultural technology:
o Big landholders and those who have enough cattles have started using vermicompost instead of the artificial fertilizers as far as it is possible.
o There are around 20 tractors in the village.
o The use of electric motor, tubewell and diesel engine to draw water from well is on the increase.
o People are also taking advantage of various government schemes to get the necessary agricultural implements, the most notable being the electric motor and pipeline for watering.
o One farmer has also undertaken a project from the Government to produce 20000 Eucalyptus saplings in .2 acre of land in rs 20000.
Surplus agricultural produce and marketing:
o Usually the small and marginal farmers are still on subsistence agriculture only.
o Only the bigger holders have excess of produce.
o They sell it to nearby market of Santrampur (13 km)
o In case of cash crops, the agriculturists enter into contract with the merchants of that crop directly and the merchant sends the vehicle to collect the produce at the price mutually agreed upon.
o This method is very dangerous in case there is no market nearby for the product. E.g. I asked them why don't they produce tobacco, they replied that some of them had tried producing tobacco relying on the merchants of Anand (120 km away). But the merchant didn’t come to take the produce. Now there is no tobacco processing unit in whole of my district. So, the other merchants from outside offered them half of the market price. And the hapless farmets couldn't afford to take the produce to Anand. So they had to accept the offer.
Agricultural labours and wages:
o The majority of the villagers do self cultivation. Therefore there are not many tenants existing. The agricultural labourers are imported from the eastern side of the tehsil (tribal preponderance), who come to the fields of the landholders after completing their own harvesting.
o The wages are paid in cash or in kind and also as advances e.g. holi advance, divali advance etc.
o Wage rates are roughly 70 to 80 rs/day
Common property resources :
o Community hall
o Panchayat bhavan
o Bank
o Veterinary hospital
o PHC
o Waterworks tank and standposts
o Underground sump for water distribution
o Pasture
o Primary school
o High school
o Temple
o Pond
o Crematorium
o Bus stand
o Anganwadi
o Public taps and handpumps
o PACS
o Fair price shop
o Milk producers' cooperative society
The Government land of 1.60 hectares is free from encroachment on the site.
There are no instances of racial discrimination in terms of access to CPRs. This may be due to the ghettoing of the different castes in different hamlets - the people living in a hamlet are usually of the same caste therefore maybe the caste based discrimination is not coming forth.
SECTION II
Occupational pattern and employment
o The main occupation of the villagers is farming
o According to the data of the survey, the main occupation pattern of the respondents is as follows
Occupation Numbers
Self cultivator 38
Agricultural labour 2
Rural non farm labour 4
Casual industrial labour 3
Artisan 10
Small trade/ business/ small contractor 4
Class II 1
Class III 13
Class IV 1
Unemployed 2
Total 78
(n.b. - the table doesn’t take into account students, domestic work, weak and disabled)
Farm and non farm activities:
o 40 out of 78 are involved in farming related activity.
o Nonfarming activities include casual labour, tailoring, pottery, bangles trade, petty trade.
o The only shop which is earning in five figures/ month is that of a hardware, cement and concrete supplier.
o The other major chunk of the employment pattern is class III employees - mainly teachers in schools.
o The above mentioned table is made up from data of main occupation only therefore it is not showing Animal Husbandry in it. But it can be safely said that all the farmers were into the animal husbandry. The only difference being the scale of operation
Seasonal unemployment and Migration:
o Unlike the eastern part of the block where there is extensive migration, there is almos nil migration in this part of the block.
o Almost half the fields being unirrigated, there is no employment opportunity on the fields in the winters and summers. The main occupations undertaken during these months are of casual labourers. The better offs have some other source of income like salary or pension or income from LIC incentives, therefore they don't go for casual labour.
o But the migration is very less. They go to nearby town Santrampur for work at the max.
o NREGP also provides them sustainance during the days of no work, but only grievance being the bar of 100 days. In our place people are ready to work for 100 rupees for more than 100 days but the law doesn't allow that.
Unemployment and poverty:
o The unemployment rate is not very high. Only 2/78 were unemployed, but this is a small sample to comment.
o The cause of unemployment in both the case was that the person had just graduated from a humanity background and had not got any job. There is a tendency in the new generation who studies more to move away from agriculture. Therefore they were not taking part in agriculture.
o The castewise distribution of the BPL families of the village is as follows
Caste Number of families below poverty line
SC 2
ST 6
OBC 6
General 13
Total 28
The main cause of the poverty being landlessness, low wage rate, unpredictable monsoon, low water levels (even the irrigated land doesn’t get water during summers), low employment opportunities in the village, non availability of market to the artisans and overdependence on agriculture.
Average income of the families studied can be seen in the following table:
Average annual income Number of families
0-25000 9
25000-50000 12
50000-75000 8
75000-100000 2
100000-200000 5
200000-500000 3
>500000 1
Total 40
Thus majority of the families are below 1 lakh income. And one notable features which is missed is that no SC or ST family has income more than 150000. That means all the families with greater income belong to General or OBC groups. This shows cluster of poverty in ST and SC households.
SECTION III
APPRAISAL OF LAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Levelling of the agricultural land:
o Undrer NREGP, the lands of some of the SC and ST beneficiaries has been leveled. The agency which provides the technical know how is GLDC (Gujarat Land Development Corporation).
Land holdings of the study population
Land area (in acres) Number of families
0 12
0-1 1
1-2 5
2-3 6
3-4 6
4-7 4
7-10 3
10-15 1
15-25 1
>25 1
Total 40
Total 12 out of 40 households surveyed doesn't have any land. But they are mainly non agriculturists by descent. Therefore don’t fall in the definition of landless.
Land ownership of the whole village (from the revenue records):
Distribution of land ownership Number of Khata
Landless Nil
<1 acre 11
1-3 acres 31
3-5 acres 15
5-10 acres 32
10-20 acres 13
>20 acres 03
Total 105
Data is not available householdwise. The land records are maintained according to khata number. Therefore in place of household, a Khata number is substituted. Usually in a Khata number which is transferred by descent only, the holders would be close blood relations sharing the same socioeconomic and caste attributes.
• IRRIGATION
o No canal system is yet developed due to the high topography of the place. The main source of irrigation in the fields is dugwell and borewell
o The main sources of irrigation in study population is as follows:
Source of irrigation Number
Exclusively rainfed 8
Private tubewell 4
Public tubewell 1
Well 14
Tank 1
Total 28
Only one fellow had kept 2 acres of his land fallow for grazing by his own cattle. Otherwise all the cultivable land was put into use. But as this year was relatively dry, the farmers haven't been able to give enough water to the winter crops.
Classification of land according to the number of crops (in the study group)
Type of land Area (in acres)
Single crop 68.50
Double crop 52.00
Multi crop 17.00
Land Transaction in the village:
o There is no land transaction (either selling or buying) in the study population.
o According to the Talati (Patvari) records also there is no sale or buy of the land in the village in the past 5 years.
CHAPTER IV
SECTION I
POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMS
SGSY scheme:
1. Family profile:
1. Composition of the village population according to income (BPL includes score of 0-20) (central government scheme gives benefit to only 0-16 score, whereas state government gives benefit to 0-20 especially 17-20 who are not covered by the central government)
Absolute number %
BPL 103 63.19
APL 62 36.81
Total 163 100
• Population below poverty line (0 - 16 score):
28 households are below poverty line in the village
Caste Number of families below poverty line
SC 2
ST 6
OBC 6
General 13
Total 28
2. key activities identified in the district under SGSY
Farm based Non farm based Artisan based
Oil engine Training Hair cutting saloon
Well deepening Kits for various trades
Pipeline Training in various trades
vermicompost Assistance for establishing shop
Animal husbandry
3. details of key activities undertaken in the village under SGSY
Farm based Non farm based Other artisan
Oil engine Hair cutting saloon
Well deepening
Animal husbandry
4. key activities identifired - whether appropriate in terms of
Existing infrastructure facilities Yes
Marketing facilities No
Availability of raw material No
Availability of skilled labour No
5.SHGs under SGSY
1. total number of SHGs in village - 3
2. Details about the SHG
a. Members, SHG formation details
Sr. no. Name M F SC ST OBC Others Nature of the group Date of formation Periodicity of meeting Monthly contribution Graded/ not The grade passed
1 Prannath 0 11 11 0 0 0 Caste+women 26/12/2006 Monthly 30 Y I
2 Sadguru 0 10 0 0 10 0 Women 25/1/2008 Monthly 50 Y I
3 Jayambe 0 12 0 0 12 0 Women 24/9/2009 Monthly 50 No -
b. financial performance of SHG in the village
Name Date of opening of bank account Amount of monthly savings Total savings Amount available in bank Outstanding loan No. of members abailed loan Purpose for which loan was sanctioned Interest on loan Credit received
productive Nonproductive
Prannath 26/12/2006 30 14023 10023 4000 7 0 7 24% 5000
Sadguru 25/1/2008 50 17949 6989 11000 4 4 0 24% 5000
Jay ambe 24/9/2009 50 3012 3012 0 0 0 0 No internal lending yet
c. repayment of loan
i. no default as yet in the 2 groups which are doing internal lending
6. Training of the members of SHGS
Only two members of Sadguru group has got the training of group management
7.marketing facility for the group? - no group doing economic activity
8. Facilitation agency - Anganwadi worker
9.Individual families covered under SGSY
1. individual families covered in last 3 years - 2
2. individual details - one ST and one Other
10. credit details
ST - 76900
Other - 31200
14. last date of the household survey for BPL
In 2002.
Currently the new BPL survey is on
15. the selection of individual beneficiaries
Nowadays emphasis is on the group schemes therefore the targets for individual schemes are one or two per village. Therefore those who approach the BDO office and who have enough contacts get the chunk.
Thus from the above mentioned data, the SHGs are doing well in terms of internal lending but not graduated to the level of economic activity. The effect of internal lending and financial autonomy was visible on the face of the members. One of them took loan for the business of bangles during the month of Holi and another took loan for buying kits and threads for tailoring and paid the loan back within stipulated time. Otherwise it would have meant going to the moneylender and paying higher interest.
NREGP implementation:
Separate report is appended.
SECTION II
GRAM PANCHAYAT
Functioning - People participation.
o The Gram Sabha are the main way of people participating in the Panchayat's functioning. But the truth is that people don't turn up for the Gram sabha maybe because of their busy schedule or because of the ignorance of their right. (I visited a Gram Sabha in a different village in a different taluk) therefore whole meaning of Gram Sabha is lost. It is just like a meeting of executive committee of Gram Panchayat. Even then some pertinent questions regarding the sanitation of village school were discussed by villagers in that Gram Sabha. Thus my faith in Gram Sabha is saved from demise.
o For education, PTA (Parent teacher assossiation) and MTA (Mother Teacher Assossiation), the VEC (village education committee), village constructioin committee etc. are the ways of ensuring the active people's participation in the decision making in the school administration.
o For health, Rogi Kalyan Samiti established by NRHM is also an effective way of ensuring people's participation. It also gives the decentralization of powers unto the last. Village Health Committee also has some say in health related aspects of the village.
o The labour budget of NREGP is also a good way of ensuring people's participation. As many people's wages revolve around NREGP, the Gram Sabha as far as it pertains to NREGP carries out thorough Social Audit of the program.
Composition of Gram Panchayat castewise and sexwise
Sr. no Name M/F Age Caste Land
ownership
1 Chandana Raman Dhula (Sarpanch) M 45 ST Yes
2 Gosai Bharatgiri Balgiri M 43 OBC Yes
3 Patel Lalabhai Hirabhai M 52 Others Yes
4 Damor Lalabhai Mangabhai M 40 ST Yes
5 Bariya Bhaikaka Kalubhai M 38 ST Yes
6 Dhamot Laxmanbhai Rumalbhai M 58 ST Yes
7 Bariya Lilaben Bhalabhai F 38 ST Yes
8 Bariya Dariyaben Shalambhai F 35 ST Yes
The Sarpanch seat is reserved for ST. Out of 8 members, 2 are women. And castewise distribution is ST- 6, OBC - 1 and Other - 1. The Sarpanch has been getting elected uncontested for last 3 terms.
• Involvement of Panchayat in developmental activities & poverty alleviation
o The panchayat is actively involved in developmental activities and poverty alleviation.
o The selection of the beneficiaries is done by gram sabha and the village panchayat plays an active role in it.
o The PHC in the village is also getting assistance from the Village Panchayat in terms of sanitation, water supply etc.
o The selection of beneficiaries for Indira Avas Yojana is done on the basis of permanent waiting list painted on the wall of village panchayat so that there is no discretion or jumping the queue.
• Financial status of Panchayat - to be taken from talati
• Coordination of Panchayat with other government functionaries:
o Talati cum Mantri (TCM): In Gujarat, unlike many states, the village Patvari is also the secretary to the village Panchayat. Therefore the TCM has to play dual role of revenue collection as well as developmental activities of the Gram Panchayat. He is also to see to it that the money of the Gram Panchayat is not indiscriminately spent or embezzled by the Sarpanch or other members. He has to keep the accounts of the Panchayat.
o Taluka Development Officer (BDO): BDO is the officer supervising all the village panchayat in his jurisdiction and also functions as the secretary to the Taluka Panchayat. He sanctions the beneficiaries for Indira Avas Yojana, Sardar Avas Yojana, SGSY revolving fund, SGSY loan cases, and agricultural section related cases. He is also executing officer for all the funds of MP/ MLA fund, District planning board, finance commission funds, Tribal area subplan funds in his taluk. He has to issue the musters for the works of NREGP. He is also the disciplinary authority and monitoring authority of Talati as well as all the members of Gram Panchayats and all Sarpanchas. Therefore the Gram Panchayat is very much dependent on TDO for many things. At the same time the BDO has to rely on G.P for the scheme implementation.
o Mamlatdar: He is the head of revenue administration at block level. Some social security schemes, PDS, old age pension and widow pensions are run through his office.
o Medical officer of the PHC: for health related problems. Mutual cooperation for vaccination and mobilization during vaccination rounds
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY SUGGESTIONS:
At the end of the report I would like to bring to the notice some of the important issues which need special attention:
1. Gram Sabhas are not attended with the enthusiasm and vigour which it deserves
2. The artisan class or non agriculturists in the village are totally dependent on the agriculturist class and they receive foodgrain and not cash. This barter system is not fit for the present modern society
3. The artisan class has to suffer because of the non availability of market.
4. The agriculturists who have irrigation facilities are better off than those without irrigation facilities
5. Even the wells are not proper form of irrigation. The canals are the best way to irrigate
6. The indebtedness of the people become bearable when they take loan from banks as compared to money lenders
7. the SHG is a good way of giving the poors a means of finance for small expenditure
8. The villages in which land reforms were carried out earlier and with more sincerity are more prosperous down the line
9. Dairy can be the best financial organization because the people usually deposit milk and then the dairy pays them weekly. If dairy is the financer (which is on the increase nowadays), there is less chance of default. Dairy usually cuts the loan EMI and pays the balance.
10. in NREGP, the wage rates need to be hiked. The current rate of 100 rs/day is not workable in current inflation. (the rates have not been revised since the enactment of act in 2005)
11. The agriculturists have the advantage of PACS, APMC and Dairy, therefore their product is reaching the market and fetchin decent returns, but the same is not true for the artisans. A cobbler, tailor, potter or blacksmith of a village is not able to sell his product to outside his village. The transportation cost becomes prohibitive. If co-operative societies in line of milk producers' co-operatives could be established, it would go a long way in providing market linkages to the traditional artisans of village.
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